ABSTRACT
Background: This study aims to longitudinally assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general Spanish population. It uses four assessment points: two weeks after the start of confinement, one month after, two months after, and one year after the first evaluation. Methods: Evaluations were conducted through an online survey, with a sample of 3,480 people at the first data collection and 1,041, 569, and 550 people at successive evaluation points. Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2), post-traumatic stress (PCL-C-2), social support (EMAS), loneliness (UCLA-3), and discrimination (InDI-d) were evaluated. Results: Significant changes were found in the variables depression and anxiety with a greater presence of this kind of symptomatology after one year (p < .01). There were also significant changes in the variable social support, which showed a substantial reduction after one year (p < .001). Similarly, there were significant variations in the variable intersectional discrimination (p < .001), with greater levels of discrimination. The temporal models show no significant differences in terms of post-traumatic symptomatology (p = .12) or loneliness (p = .19). Conclusions: The pandemic had a negative impact on mental health and these effects were further exacerbated one year later. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) Antecedentes: el objetivo es evaluar el impacto psicologico de la pandemia generada por la COVID-19 en la poblacion general espanola longitudinalmente en cuatro momentos: tras dos semanas del inicio del confinamiento, al mes, a los dos meses y al ano. Metodo: las evaluaciones se realizaron mediante una encuesta online, se siguio a una muestra de 3.480 personas en la primera recogida de datos y de 1.041, 569 y 550 personas en los sucesivos momentos de evaluacion. Se evaluo la presencia de sintomas depresivos (PHQ-2), de ansiedad (GAD-2), de estres postraumatico (PCL-C-2), el apoyo social (EMAS), la soledad (UCLA-3) y la discriminacion (InDI-D). Resultados: se han producido cambios significativos en las variables de depresion y ansiedad con una presencia mayor de dicha sintomatologia al ano (p < .01), asi como en la variable de apoyo social, que muestra una reduccion significativa un ano despues (p < .001), y en la discriminacion interseccional, con una mayor discriminacion (p < .001). Los modelos temporales no muestran diferencias signi ficativas en cuanto a sintomatologia postraumatica (p = .12) ni soledad (p = .19). Conclusiones: la pandemia ha tenido un impacto negativo en la salud mental y estos efectos son todavia peores un ano despues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
ABSTRACT
La pandemia de Covid-19 ha tenido un grave impacto en la salud mental de la población, que además ha visto mermado su acceso a atención psicológica por diversas barreras. El objetivo del presente estudio es comparar el estado de salud mental de la población española al inicio del confinamiento (N = 3480) y 12 meses después (N = 550), y describir el uso de servicios de atención psicológica y sus principales barreras de acceso. Los participantes completaron una encuesta online. El 40% de la muestra reveló haber tenido problemas de salud mental desde el inicio de la pandemia, de los cuales el 23.4% señalaron haber recibido algún tipo de atención. La mayor parte refirieron no haber buscado atención porque pudieron manejar los problemas por sí mismos, sus problemas mejoraron solos, o no pudieron costearse tratamiento. La atención de los problemas de salud mental debe ser una prioridad para abordar el impacto psicológico del Covid-19.Alternate : The COVID-19 pandemic has had a serious impact on the mental health of the population, which also has been affected by various barriers to access to psychological care. The aim of the current study is to compare the mental health status of the Spanish population between the onset of confinement (N = 3480) to 12 months later (N = 550), and to describe the use of psychological care services and the main barriers to access. Study participants completed an online survey. Forty percent of the sample reported experiencing a mental health problem since the pandemic’s onset, of which 23.4% reported having received some kind of care. The majority reported not seeking care because they could handle the problems on their own, their problems got better on their own, or they could not afford treatment. The psychological effects of the pandemic have been increasing since its onset, so attention to mental health problems should be a priority.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aims to longitudinally assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general Spanish population. It uses four assessment points: two weeks after the start of confinement, one month after, two months after, and one year after the first evaluation. METHODS: Evaluations were conducted through an online survey, with a sample of 3,480 people at the first data collection and 1,041, 569, and 550 people at successive evaluation points. Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2), post-traumatic stress (PCL-C-2), social support (EMAS), loneliness (UCLA-3), and discrimination (InDI-d) were evaluated. RESULTS: Significant changes were found in the variables depression and anxiety with a greater presence of this kind of symptomatology after one year (p < .01). There were also significant changes in the variable social support, which showed a substantial reduction after one year (p < .001). Similarly, there were significant variations in the variable intersectional discrimination (p < .001), with greater levels of discrimination. The temporal models show no significant differences in terms of post-traumatic symptomatology (p = .12) or loneliness (p = .19). CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic had a negative impact on mental health and these effects were further exacerbated one year later.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Anxiety , Depression/epidemiology , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background: Spontaneous muscle hematomas (SMH) are rare but potentially life-threatening. We report three patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia who developed hemorrhagic shock, due to large SMHs, during their intensive care unit stay. Case Presentation: All the patients were receiving mechanical ventilation and anticoagulation therapy with enoxaparin. The bleeding was located in the gluteal muscles in two of the patients and in the iliopsoas muscle with retroperitoneal extension in the other. Anemia and hemodynamic instability were the main signs;however, because of their gradual onset, they were initially confused with the anemia of the critically ill patient and sepsis related to secondary infections. All received conservative medical treatment, but unfortunately one patient died within hours of diagnosis. Conclusion: This report highlights that clinicians should also be alert to major spontaneous hemorrhage in patients with SARSCoV-2 infection. Since it is a novel disease, a possible association with bleeding events cannot be disregarded and, on the contrary, should be considered, particularly to determine the appropriate use of anticoagulation in this type of patients.